particle showing concession; whether; even if; no matter what

Caabay et al. 2014

answer or response particle; it can mean “also” or “too”, but is used far more frequently than those English equivalents

Zorc 1969

indeed; please, I entreat you

too, also; also used to soften the impact of negatives and commands

Mintz and Britanico 1985

used to indicate emphasis

Post and Gardner 1992

a particle which implies solidarity with the addressee

Reid 1976, Reid p.c.

again (usually followed by the particle #dən)

Headland and Headland 1974

because; particle used after an interrogative to make the question not abrupt; particle with a statement contradicting a previous statement or presumption; particle with a statement giving information

Wolff 1972

adds emphasis

Scebold 2003

also, too; fine

Motus 1971

an exclamatory particle expressing strong feeling about a statement being made

Batad

Lambrecht 1978

adverbial interjection by which one or more words of a given phrase are emphasized

Lambrecht 1978

particle of entreaty: please; affirms a negative statement; whether or not; may express unexpected information; so what; again

Rubino 2000, Carro 1956

adverb for emphasis, ever

Yamada 1976

please; indeed; then; why! A small particle of very frequent use, mostly mitigating the sentence, although it might reinforce it in several cases; it is used in calling, inviting, wondering, etc.

Vanoverbergh 1933

adjunct used to indicate response

Forman 1971

as if; then; like; pretend; emphasis

McKaughan and Macaraya 1967

an adverb: merely, only, but; as a marker of emphasis: still, yet, nevertheless

Steller and Aebersold 1959

although; even if; even though; also; anything, at all; at least

Panganiban 1966

even if, even so, even then, even when

Awed, Underwood and van Wynen 2004

a particle with the meaning “again”

Schlegel 1971, Reid p.c.

too, also

Abuyen 2000